Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

Types of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis can manifest in various forms, each with its own characteristics and progression patterns. Understanding the different types of MS is important in determining the most appropriate treatment for MS and management strategies.

Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS)

This is the most common way multiple sclerosis is diagnosed, affecting about 85% of people with MS. RRMS involves distinct attacks where new symptoms appear or existing ones worsen. These attacks are followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions). During these recovery periods, symptoms might disappear completely, or some lingering effects may remain. A recent study found that medications like interferon beta and glatiramer acetate can help reduce how often these attacks happen and how severe they are. This means that while there isn’t a multiple sclerosis cure yet, there are ways to manage the disease and improve quality of life.

Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS)

SPMS often develops after an initial relapsing-remitting course. In this type, the disease steadily progresses, sometimes with occasional relapses, minor remissions, or plateaus. This gradual worsening of neurological function can lead to increasing disability over time. A study in the journal Neurology showed that for people who don’t receive treatment, it takes about 20 years, on average, for relapsing-remitting MS to transition into SPMS. This highlights how important early multiple sclerosis treatment can be in potentially delaying this progression and preserving brain and spinal cord function.

Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS)

PPMS is characterized by a gradual worsening of neurological function from the onset, without distinct relapses or remissions. Approximately 15% of individuals with MS receive this multiple sclerosis diagnosis. While the progression may appear continuous, there can be periods of temporary improvement or plateaus. Studies suggest that PPMS might be triggered by a combination of things, including genes and exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which causes mononucleosis. This highlights the complexity of PPMS and the need for ongoing research to better understand and treat this particular form of MS disease treatment.

Progressive-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (PRMS)

PRMS is a rare form of MS marked by a steady worsening of neurological function from the beginning, with superimposed relapses. Recovery from these relapses may be incomplete, leading to a gradual accumulation of disability. Because it’s less common, it can be tricky to diagnose and manage. A study found that PRMS can actually look a lot like PPMS, which makes it even harder to tell the two apart. This highlights the need for healthcare professionals to carefully evaluate and monitor individuals experiencing symptoms of PRMS to ensure they receive the appropriate multiple sclerosis treatment.   

Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)

CIS is the first episode of neurological symptoms that lasts at least 24 hours and is caused by inflammation and damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. While CIS can be an indicator of MS, not everyone with CIS will develop MS. A multiple sclerosis diagnosis requires further evaluation and monitoring. A large study found that the presence of certain proteins in the spinal fluid, the number of lesions seen on an MRI, and younger age at the time of the CIS episode all increase the likelihood of developing MS. This highlights the importance of careful monitoring and early multiple sclerosis treatment for individuals who experience CIS.